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[|Wilson]
__**Domestic Policy**__

The Democratic party was in danger of separating into traditional and reformed governments. Though this split in ideas caused a struggle between the two sides, Wilson showed his abilities as a leader when he created a reform method that allowed for both parties to fairly and appealingly place their statements to the congress. Reform options in the South and North-East for the conservatives, and Reform options for people who wanted change including; African-Americans, farmers, workers, and reformers in general.
 * Party Politics**

> > **Economy** > > Wilson implemented a series of progressive policies. He implemented the 16th amendment in 1913, and income tax was introduced to the US. Public Spending rose, as a percent of the GDP, from Taft’s presidency. Taft focused on three major issues: tariff reform, banking / monetary system reform and antitrust legislation. Tariffs were reformed in October 1913, with the first large reform since the civil war. This was known as the Underwood-Simmons Tariff. Public spending continued for many decades following. Wilson also created the Federal Reserve (1913), which is a business-government partnership. It is the Central banking system of the United States. It was the third try of central banking the United States (First Bank of US, Second bank of US.) The Monetary policy, which refers to what the Federal Reserve does to influence the amount of money and credit in the US economy. They also can tweak interest rates. Wilson wanted to reform the Sherman Antitrust act, and thought that if it was reformed the public would be happy with giant corporations again. The Clayton Antitrust act was put into placed which reformed: Predatory price cutting, price fixing, ownership of stock in competing companies and interlocking directorates. In the fall of 1914, the Federal Trade Commission Act was formed, which was designed to investigate corporate practices and to stop illegal activities. > > **Civil Rights** > > During Wilson’s campaign, he won support of the NAACP and promised to treat blacks equally and speak out against lynching. Wilson opposed anti-lynching legislation, which arguing these crimes fell under state jurisdiction. Wilson appointed white Southerners who purposely extended segregation; which inevitably increased in government jobs and in other jobs as well. Previous leaders, who were African American, were accused of being traitors to their race. > **Relations w/ Congress > While President, Wilson, like other Presidents used his power to push certain ideas and innovative laws through Congress. It is also said that Wilson was the first President to view his position in politics as a higher position and more powerful position than Congress. He was also the first president to address congress since John Adams. Wilson claimed he wanted to take an active role while President. > Social Issues** Underwood Tariff -People complained about tariffs being too high -Lowered tariff rates from 40-25% Clayton Antitrust Act -Made it outlawed for businesses to have monopolies -Helped reduce the amount of small shops/factories going out of business Adamson Act -Strike by the rail workers -Resulted in 8 hour work days for rail workers
 * Legislation**
 * Underwood Act (1913)-first reduction in tariffs since the Civil War, also established a modest income tax
 * Federal Reserve Act (1913)-currency and banking reform
 * Federal Trade Commison Act and Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)-dealt with unfair business practices
 * The Keating - Owen Act (1916) (also known as the Wicks Bill) child labor law
 * Adamson Act (1916)- limit railroad workers to 8 hr workdays
 * Federal Farm Loan Act (1916)- provided low-interest credit to farmers
 * supported La Follette Seamen's Bill -improve the working conditions of sailors

> **Leadership** > "No one but the President," he said, "seems to be expected ... to look out for the general interests of the country." President Wilson saw himself as the personal representative of the people while President. This showed how he acted as a leader in the country, and was a very power hungary leader almost. In 1917, Wilson even used his power to tell America that they were entering World War 1 to make the world "safe for democracy."Wilson pushed three major pieces of legislation through Congress, also showing his use of power to manipulate the Congress. These legislations included lower tariff, the Underwood Act. The Federal Reserve Act provided the Nation with more elastic money. In 1914 antitrust legislation established a Federal Trade Commission to prohibit unfair business practices. He also pushed other legislations through Congress including one prohibiting child labor, and one limiting railroad workers to work an eight hour day.On April 2,1917, he asked Congress for a declaration of war on Germany. Once again this showed how Wilson tried to manipulate the Congress through power and leadership. > **__Foreign Policy__** > **Europe** •14 Points:** -Only 4 actually used in Europe
 * Public Image**
 * Wilson was a president of mixed reviews. He was elected into office due to his overwhelming electoral votes, dispite the fact that his popular votes were only 42%. During his first term, many Americans supported him because he kept them from entering WWI. Attitudes soon changed with his second term, as Wilson entered the United States in to WWI. The resentment for the war was felt in many ways, for example the Palmer Raids. Wilson had these people arrested for their dissent. Other events that Wilson was judged upon was operations in Mexico and the League of Nations. Wilson's 9 operations in Mexico was met with very unfavorable reviews by the American citizens. As for the League of Nations, Wilson recieved the Nobel Piece Prize for his work in creating it and thus recieved much praise from the American citizens as well. Lookwise Wilson was bounded to his wheelchair for the end of his second term after facing a stroke that paralyzed his left side of his body, this left the country looking at a very weak president.
 * World War One began during Wilson’s presidency
 * Wilson appeals to Americans to remain neutral
 * British and French troops continually bought supplies from the US and as a result the opposing powers interpreted this trading as favoring the Allied Powers
 * After German U-boat attacks Wilson asks Congress to declare war on Germany
 * “He promised that the United States would fight to ensure democracy, self-government, the rights and liberties of small nations, and an international peace organization that would end war forever.” ([|www.millercenter.virginia.edu/academic/americanpresident/wilson/essays/biography/5])
 * After a victory Wilson wanted to change the conduct of international affairs at the peace table
 * Outlined his ideas in the “Fourteen Points” speech
 * Proposed general disarmament with Austria and Germany giving up arms first and reducing the size of their naval fleets and military
 * Proposed freedom of the seas—free trade to all nations
 * Proposed the League of Nations which would be open to all democratic nations
 * In charge of overseeing disarmament and create a new era of world peace
 * His idea of the League of Nations was not widely excepted
 * WIlson had great ideas for world peace and was a huge supporter of peaceful relations but unfortunately many of his humanitarian ideas were not widely accepted and therefore not adopted.
 * Russia-**
 * Latin America**
 * When Wilson became president he wanted to bring the United States foreign policy from that of materialism to a policy based on moral principles
 * He declared that the United States hoped "to cultivate the friendship and deserve the confidence" of the Latin American states, but he also emphasized that he believed "just government" must rest "upon the consent of the governed." ([|www.millercenter.virginia.edu/academic/americanpresident/wilson/essays/biography/5])
 * He basically said that through his foreign policies he hope to create good relations with Latin American nations but also felt it was the United States duty as a rising world power to “keep the peace.”
 * He said Latin American nations could control their own affairs but must remain democratic
 * In 1915 there was a revolution in Haiti
 * Wilson sends in US marines to restore order
 * Again, in 1916 there was a revolution in the Dominican Republic and Wilson responded the same way
 * Wilson's foreign policies in dealing with Latin American were those that tried to create peace between these nations and the United States and promote democracy in Latin American nations. He pulled away from Taft's ideas of influence for personal gain and tried to use his policies to promote both peace and economic success.
 * Asia-**
 * International Organizations and Agreements
 * 1) "Abolition of secret treaties
 * 2) Freedom of the seas
 * 3) Free Trade
 * 4) Disarmament
 * 5) Adjustment of colonial claims (decolonization and national self-determination)
 * 6) Russia to be assured independent development and international withdrawal from occupied Russian territory
 * 7) Restoration of Belgium to antebellum national status
 * 8) Alsace-Lorraine returned to France from Germany
 * 9) Italian borders redrawn on lines of nationality
 * 10) Autonomous development of Austria-Hungary as a nation, as the Austro-Hungarian Empire dissolved
 * 11) Romania, Serbia, Montenegro, and other Balkan states to be granted integrity, have their territories deoccupied, and Serbia to be given access to the Adriatic Sea
 * 12) Sovereignty for the Turkish people of the Ottoman Empire as the Empire dissolved, autonomous development for other nationalities within the former Empire
 * 13) Establishment of an independent Poland with access to the sea
 * 14) General association of the nations – a multilateral international association of nations to enforce the peace (League of Nations)"
 * -Meant to help keep peace in Europe after WW1

League of Nations -Result of the Paris Peace Conference -An organization that focused on keeping peace by negotiation and diplomacy**